Brodmann Area 22, Derived from Gray’s Anatomy 20th Edition 1918 Lithograph Reproduction, Public Domain
The brain is a complex structure and but can be organised according to several principles. One approach is to characterise the brain regions according to the microscopic properties of these regions. More specifically the neurons are organised differently between regions. Some regions may contain unique types of neurons. This approach to understanding the organisation of the brain was proposed by the German Neuropathologist Korbinian Brodmann and resulted in the eponymously named Brodmann Area. There are 52 areas in all and I have covered other Brodmann Areas elsewhere in this Blog. This is the second in a series on one of these areas – Brodmann Area 22. A simple search strategy was adopted. The term ‘Brodmann Area 22′ was used to search in Medline using the PubMed interface. Relevant results were identified and included.
In an EEG study, a specialised method Electromagnetic Tomography was used to create a model of the source of discharges observed on the EEG in 22 subjects during and after a period of running on a treadmill. Fifteen minutes after the end of the exercise, BA22 was one of the regions showing a decrease in Alpha-2, Beta-1 and Gamma activity. The researchers in this study used depth electrode recording and an analysis of functional connectivity to characterise the responses of different areas to amplitude modulation. The researchers concluded that BA22 amongst other areas displayed evidence of response to amplitude modulation in both hemispheres (see also a study freely available here). In this study, researchers looked at people undergoing surgery for Temporal Lobe epilepsy using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to examine the functional connectivity between brain regions. They found that higher preoperative coupling between the Hippocampus and BA22 was associated with a postoperative reduction in verbal learning.
People with Schizophrenia were compared to controls in an fMRI study in which the researchers investigated changes in neural activity with an overlearning task. When the tasks become automatic, there are corresponding reductions in the activity in relevant brain regions. The researchers found this characteristic reduction in both controls and the people with Schizophrenia in a number of regions including BA22 suggesting that this method of learning is intact although changes in working memory in people with Schizophrenia have been identified in some studies. Advanced Glycation end products are compounds which accumulate in the brain with aging. In one study, the accumulation of AGE’s in BA22 was assessed in people who had been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease compared to a control group. The researchers found the characteristic accumulation of AGE’s in the former group compared to the control group and this accumulation progressed through the early, middle and later stages of Alzheimer’s Disease.
Appendix
Brodmann Area 22: A Brief Review of the Literature – Part 1
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Interesting discussion of paradigms because what we call the “Hard sciences” or natural sciences are not grounded in a bedrock of “brute facts”. None of us can know the universe or world intrinsically and are limited to our humanity and biases of our worldviews. Physicists often base their theories on what they call “brute facts” but are really facts that are unknowable at the present; yet they assume them as self-evident truths. These self-evident truths are true on pain of convention and fall prey to the challenges of circular reasoning and an infinite regress (To mention a few). All of science is inductive and forever changing and therefore, the distinctions between the natural sciences and the social sciences are not that far apart.
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I have a question.
Is it possible for a person who “has a personality disorder” to be courageous? As in risk his/her own life/safety/security for the benefit of another?
I have another question.
Is it possible that a there is a spectrum that ranges from “normal” to “personality disorder” such that those at the “normal” end exhibit behavior that, except for the fact that amongst the people with home the person spends his/her life consider it normal/acceptable, a large percentage of the population might not? For example politicians who lead us into wars that many see as unjustifiable and that result in the death and injury of many people.
More specifically is it possible for, say, George Bush to be considered someone who has a personality disorder on that spectrum but is not so diagnosed because he lives in the company of people who are similarly positioned?
p
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Justin,
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cp
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Hi Charles
Thanks very much for your generous comments and i’ll be looking forward to your new project!
Justin
There are many types of Personality Disorders. Antisocial/Borderline/Narcissistic and Histrionic Personality Disorders are the most well known and are classically associated with a preoccupation with self rather than others. However personality is complex and it is unlikely that such descriptions would cover all behaviours in all circumstances. There is likely to be a spectrum as you suggest. Elsewhere a Hubris Syndrome has been suggested for use in the political environment although I haven’t kept track of this development. I wouldn’t comment on a specific person as diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical examination and there are a number of factors that would influence behaviours some of which we would be aware of and others which we would not. The issue you raise about the consequences of actions made in these environments for the health of others is an important one though.
Thanks for the information!
Thanks!
Thanks for the reply
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